Titania nanomaterials, encompassing polymorphs such as anatase, rutile and brookite at the nanoscale, have attracted sustained interest due to their high surface area, photoactivity and chemical ...

The sol-gel synthesis process begins with the preparation of a sol, where metal or metalloid precursors are dissolved in a solvent. These precursors undergo hydrolysis and polymerization reactions, ...

The sol-gel process is a widely used method for synthesizing nanoparticles with precise control over size, shape, and composition. This method converts a liquid precursor, or "sol," into a solid gel ...

Copper-doped titanium dioxide represents a versatile photocatalytic material that extends the light response of pure TiO2 into the visible region while enhancing charge separation and redox activity.